Combine the eggs, granulated sugar, fresh lemon juice, and lemon zest in a heavy-bottomed saucepan over medium-low heat.
Whisk constantly for 5–7 minutes until the mixture reaches 180°F (82°C) or is thick enough to coat the back of a spoon.
Remove from the heat and immediately whisk in the cold, cubed butter until completely melted, glossy, and smooth.
Transfer the curd to a glass bowl. Press plastic wrap directly onto the surface to prevent a skin from forming, and refrigerate until completely cold (at least 2 hours).
Make the lemon syrup
Dissolve: In a small saucepan, combine the water, sugar, lemon juice, and lemon zest. Place over medium heat and stir until the sugar is completely dissolved.
Remove from the heat and let it cool completely. If using limoncello, stir it in now.
Prepare the mascarpone cream
In a large bowl, whisk the room-temperature mascarpone cheese, ⅓ of your cooled lemon curd, powdered sugar, lemon juice, lemon zest, and vanilla extract until completely smooth and lump-free.
Pour the cold heavy cream directly into the same bowl. Start your electric mixer on low speed to incorporate, then increase to medium-high. Whip the entire mixture together until it reaches thick, stiff peaks.
Assemble and top
Briefly dip your ladyfingers into the cooled lemon syrup (1 second per side). Line the bottom of your 9x13 baking dish in a single layer.
Spread half of your prepared mascarpone cream over the ladyfingers, then spoon half of your remaining lemon curd directly on top of the cream layer.
Add a second layer of dipped ladyfingers, followed by the remaining mascarpone cream.
Cover tightly and refrigerate for at least 8 hours (or overnight) to let the ladyfingers soften into a cake texture.
Right before serving, spread the very last of the lemon curd smoothly over the top layer of cream.
Notes
The Temperature Rule: Your mascarpone must be at room temperature to avoid stubborn lumps, but your heavy cream must be ice-cold to achieve maximum whipped volume.
Don't Over-Soak: Ladyfingers act like literal sponges. A "one-Mississippi" count per side is all you need. If they are dripping wet, the dessert will pool water as it sets.
The Sieve Secret: Always strain your homemade lemon curd through a fine-mesh sieve. Even if it looks smooth, the sieve catches tiny bits of chalazae or cooked egg, ensuring a professional, velvety finish.
Whip with Caution: Because mascarpone has an incredibly high fat content, it can over-whip into separate clumps quickly. Stop your mixer the moment you see stiff, stable peaks.